Madeleine Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory Research Paper

Madeleine Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory - Research Paper Example During her initial nursing vocation, Leininger distinguished the need and significance of â€Å"caring† idea in nursing. She got her inspiration from visit grateful articulations from her patients. This went about as a breathing space to her emphasis on ‘care’ just like a significant or focal nursing part. She encountered what she named as a social stun during the 1950s while functioning as a kid manage in children’s home. She understood that specific kids personal conduct standards seemed to have social premise. She likewise perceived and understood that the missing connect to nursing’s perception of the few varieties important in quiet consideration improve and bolster mending, consistence, just as, health. The bits of knowledge went about as the beginnings of a marvel and develop identified with nursing care known as transcultural nursing. Leininger is the organizer of the well known transcultural nursing development in instruction practice and ex ploration. She characterized transcultural nursing as a â€Å"substantive region of study and practice concentrated on near social consideration esteems, and practices of people or gatherings of comparable or various societies with the objective of giving society explicit and all inclusive nursing care rehearses in advancing wellbeing or prosperity or to assist individuals with confronting troublesome human conditions, disease, or demise in socially significant ways† (Leininger, 1989). ... It stresses on the comprehensiveness and decent variety with a point of giving socially related and wholistic care (Leininger and McFarland, 2006). The hypothesis is, be that as it may, not a terrific one since it has certain measurements to evaluate for a given picture. It is a thorough and wholistic approach, which has given a space to a more extensive and more extensive nursing than anticipated with a reductionist and center range approach. The hypothesis has a job of giving the necessary consideration measures while mulling over an individual or patient’s social convictions, qualities and practices. Leininger concocted and authored the central objective or point of transcultural practice in nursing. She alluded to it as socially consistent consideration. It is just conceivable on the event of the accompanying inside the customer nurture relationship: the attendant, along with the customer, characterizes inventively an alternate or new way of life for the prosperity or stre ngth of the customer. This requires the utilization and use of both expert and nonexclusive information and routes so as to fit these different and new thoughts into nursing practice and objectives. Another significant and unavoidable part of this hypothesis is that information and abilities are ordinarily re-designed for the client’s wellbeing. This suggests all consideration modalities and means need co-interest of the customer and the attendant. The two need to perform distinguishing proof, arranging, usage, and assessment of every method of thinking about socially compatible or related nursing care. The modes typically animate medical attendants to concoct and configuration proper nursing choices and activities with the utilization of the obtained new information, just as, the socially based approaches to give fulfilling and important wholistic care to different

Assignment #1: Best Practices

January 4, 2013 BUS 5668: Cases in Applied Project Management Assignment #1: Best Practices From 1940 to introduce, Project Management has persistently progressed from line supervisors utilizing a little arrangement of procedures that were viewed as ideal to have to the conventional task of one individual allocated as the Project Manager that used a proper technique by which to deal with the undertaking. Regularly the term â€Å"best practices† is referenced inside a characterized approach. For what reason should an association catch best practices? What are the deciding elements in base-covering a best practice? Can an association have too many best practices?What are the effects of building up too many accepted procedures that commanded by senior administration for use on all undertakings? Give one case of a Project Management best practice. (Video Lecture 2 and autonomous research) What are Best Practices? As indicated by the Business Dictionary, And According to the Busine ss Dictionary, â€Å"A Best Practice is a strategy or procedure that has reliably demonstrated outcomes better than those accomplished with different methods, and that is utilized as a benchmark (Business Dictionary). † Organizations that have had consistent achievement have adjusted an exceptional rendition of the best practice technique that suits what they do.Many associations utilize best practices to do the accompanying (yet not constrained to): †¢ Develop a comprehension of the fundamental prerequisites †¢ Focusing on the best way to convey the administration/keep on conveying the administration †¢ Improve the view of the customer(s) †¢ Eliminate inefficient spending/ventures †¢ Increase profitability and worker spirit †¢ Improve Risk Management Using the accepted procedures recorded above alongside other prescribed procedures the association esteem important, associations can make a benchmark to oblige their organizations.A Base-line is ch aracterized as the present adaptation of a task plan that aides venture execution and against which the undertaking chief looks at genuine undertaking execution. (Portny, el. ) When an association is making or upgrading a gauge, the association needs to think about the accompanying: †¢ How will the best practice advantage the association †¢ Who will the best practice have the most effect on (client, association, partners, and so forth ) †¢ What is the arrival on ventures for the association by executing the best practices.Although best practices is the perfect strategy to utilize while working an association, not utilizing the accepted procedures technique as it is intended to be utilized is similarly as awful as not having a procedure set up to run the association. On numerous occasions, numerous associations lose site of what best practices truly are on the grounds that they set such a large number of objectives as best practices. Thus, the association neglects to i mprove and stay aware of contenders due to losing sight since they have such huge numbers of best practices they are attempting to concentrate on. The thought behind the best ractices is to guarantee the association is working on one accord all through the association. By executing too many prescribed procedures may bring about the complication inside the association. Everybody would not be on one accord which can prompt miscommunication and each division doing what they see fit. Having too many prescribed procedures is similarly as awful as not having any whatsoever. By actualizing too many prescribed procedures, the association have a higher likelihood to flopping because of no sensible chance of executing the entirety of the best practices.And the accepted procedures executed won't be satisfy 100% because of absence of assets since assets are extend far because of the enormous measure of best practices. Additionally, every best practice may not be reasonable for each office insid e the association. By executing best practices that won't be useful to division will turn into a midriff of assets, spending, and subsequently the task has a high likelihood of falling flat. A case of a Project Management best practice would be the usage of ITIL inside the NASA organization.ITIL gives a down to earth, simple system for recognizing, arranging, conveying and supporting IT administrations to the business. The NASA Shared Services Center (NSSC) is ITIL adjusted. As an individual from the NASA Shared Services Center, I had the chance to take a shot at the execution of the Enterprise Service Desk (ESD). The ESD offers 24ãâ€"7 specialized help to the whole NASA Agency. This office was stood up on the premises of offering the best IT support at the most minimal expense. The NSSC has been utilizing this best practice since it’s start-up.I for one accept the ITIL best practice has carried a lot of progress to the NSSC. References: Last, F. M. (Year Published) Book. Ci ty, State: Publisher. Portny, Stanley E. (2008) Project Management: Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling Projects. New Jersey John wWley and Sons No creator. (n. d. ) Business Dictionary. Recovered on 01/09/2012. Recovered from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/best-practice. html#ixzz2HuDx20hu No creator. (05. 10. 2012) ITIL. Recovered on 01/09/2012. Recovered from http://www. itil-officialsite. com/AboutITIL/WhatisITIL. aspx

How to Tell If Someone Is Addicted to Weed

How to Tell If Someone Is Addicted to Weed Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print How Do You Know If Someone Is Addicted to Weed? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 16, 2020 Deux/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery If your friend smokes weed and you are concerned that it is a problem, then talk to them about it. A clear sign that recreational substances, such as alcohol or marijuana, have become an addiction is when your friends family life, daily activities, and ability to work is impeded, or they cant stop using the substance even though they want to quit. Is Marijuana Addictive? A marijuana addiction is uncommon and only diagnosed in severe cases. Only 9 percent of users will develop a dependence, which is medically less serious than an addiction. The number rises to about 17 percent for those who started using weed in their teens, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). If your friend uses pot occasionally, they do not have an addiction to marijuana. Marijuana Use Disorder Rather than use the term addiction, health professionals prefer terms like marijuana dependence and marijuana use disorder. The NIDA estimates that about 30 percent of marijuana users may have some degree of marijuana use disorder. It is more likely that your friend who smokes weed has a marijuana use disorder than an addiction, but keep in mind that 70 percent of people who use marijuana do not have a marijuana use disorder. The likelihood your friend has a marijuana use disorder is also very low. Marijuana Dependence If your friend frequently uses marijuana and has marijuana dependence, then your friend would feel withdrawal symptoms upon stopping the  use of the drug. Marijuana withdrawal symptoms are typically mild, and peak within the first week after quitting and may last up to two weeks. Symptoms include: IrritabilityTrouble sleepingDecreased appetiteRestlessness? Marijuana Effects on the Adolescent Brain Some studies suggest that teenagers who use marijuana frequently may experience short-term effects such as problems with memory, learning, coordination, and judgment. As for long-term effects on the adolescent brain, some studies  suggest an association between regular marijuana use in teens with altered connectivity and reduced volume of specific brain regions, while other studies have not found significant structural differences between the brains of users and non-users. A large cohort study, cited by the NIDA, followed nearly 4,000 young adults over a 25-year period into mid-adulthood and found although cumulative lifetime exposure to marijuana is associated with lower verbal memory test scores, it did not affect other cognitive abilities like processing speed or executive function. Studies have found that frequent use of marijuana as a teenager can be associated with an average IQ loss of eight points that were not recoverable after quitting. However, the same use in adults showed no reduction in IQ. The researchers concluded that their data suggests marijuanas strongest long-term impact is on young users whose brain is still developing. Marijuana Is Not a Gateway Drug Marijuana is not generally considered a gateway drug because the majority of weed users do not go on to use harder, addictive substances, including cocaine and heroin. The science of addiction is more reliable than a dated hypothesis and shows your social environment might be a more critical factor in determining your risk for trying harder drugs. It is suggested that if you are more vulnerable to getting involved with addictive substances, then you are more likely to start with things that are more readily available, such as alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana. If you have social interactions with other substance users, then your likeness of trying other drugs increases.

Immigrants From Latin America s Annexation Of Mexico Essay

Historically, Latinos have struggled against ethnic labeling, immigration as well challenges surrounding education. This can traced back to mid-19th century when according to Harvest of Empire America’s annexation of Mexico which gave the United States Texas, California, and the southwest. â€Å"Mexico’s territory was cut by half and its mineral resources by three-quarters. These appalling numbers help explain so much. In fact, you can arguably lay Mexico’s poverty and loss through emigration right at our doorstep. We got the land. We got the oilfields. So, when you hear talk of a wall at the border know that we also walled off prosperity a century-plus back† (Whittemore, para.1). Those who immigrated from Latin America and who settled within the United States are usually perceived in terms of their home nation, (e.g., Cuban Americans or Mexican Americans). Similarly, to European and Asian immigrants who were labeled as Italian Americans, Polish Americans, German Americans and Asian American’s. Currently, the tide of immigrants from Central and South America has increased substantially causing them to become the nation’s largest minority, bringing with them their culture, language, beliefs, and work ethics. Freese 2 Historically the United States economy and labor forces has comprised of Latinos, who were and continue to beShow MoreRelatedChinese Immigration Of The United States985 Words   |  4 PagesAsia, China s deepening trade deficit with European nations, and industrial and technological innovations. Concurrently, the rising demand for inexpensive labour during the California Gold Rush, (1848-1858) development of national railway projects, and the range of economic possibilities in America provided many Chinese Sojourners with the opportunity to support their families and villages at home. Therefore, an understanding of the international context of Chinese immigration to America is necessaryRead MoreThe League Of United Latin American Citizens3196 Words   |  13 Pages The League of United Latin American Citizens, or LULAC, states in its website that it â€Å"is the oldest and most widely respected Hispanic civil rights organization in the United States of America.† Established in 1929 by three virtually unheard of Mexican-American civil rights groups, it has served its Latino population for over 85 years. It was founded at a time when Mexican Americans needed a voice and, upon its arrival, sparked the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. LULAC was able to transformRead MoreU.S. history Apex 7.1.3 Final Exam2072 Words   |  9 PagesTest U.S. History Sem 1 (2010) (S1400659)    Date: ____________ Course Big Question: How did people from America, Europe, and Africa come together, and what sort of nation did they build? Section 1: Short Answer (60 points) In this section, you will show your knowledge of the content by constructing a three-paragraph essay. Remember to use examples from this unit, be specific, and follow proper paragraph- and essay-writing conventions. A. Explain how Texas became an AmericanRead MoreImmigration And The United States1762 Words   |  8 PagesImmigration Motives Introduction From the very day, the U.S. attained its sovereignty over two centuries ago, it has been in the middle of an immigration wave. Immigrants from various distant lands have continued to move to the U.S. shores to start their lives seeking economic opportunity, political refuge or religious freedom. Since 2000, the number of immigrants has hit the highest level ever. Over seven million people entered the country in the first five years of the 21st century, beatingRead MoreA Nation Of Immigrants And The United States Of America2299 Words   |  10 PagesA NATION OF IMMIGRANTS The Ways that Immigration has Shaped and Benefited the United States of America Scott Williams US History Plato Unit Activity Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... -- Emma Lazarus (from the poem The New Colossus) These words by Emma Lazarus, inscribed on a plaque on the Statue of Liberty, strike a chord of yearning for freedom in the minds of suffering yet hopeful people, and invoke a picture of the United States meeting the immigrantRead MoreNotes on American Interventionism3498 Words   |  14 Pagesthan once. Theodore Roosevelt was hardly shy about admitting that he sent troops to Puerto Rico and the Philippines, taking Panama from Columbia or landing in person with the army in Cuba in 1898. This phase of American overseas imperialism has much in common with the previous era of frontier expansion, wars against Native Americans and the annexation of half of Mexico in 1848. New Left and Revisionist historians of the 1960s and 1970s like William Appleman Williams (1972), Gabriel Kolko (1969) andRead MoreTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo5187 Words   |  21 Pagesis filled with such violations. From the early challenges to religious freedom in Massachusetts to the broken treaties and systematic removal of Native Americans from their land to the abominable practice of slavery in the United States, our nation’s reality rarely measures up to the principles and ideals penned by the founding fathers in the Declaration of Independence and The Bill of Rights. The story for Mexican-Americans is no different. The annexations of Texas in 1845 and the MexicanRead MoreMidterm Review Essay9272 Words   |  38 Pagesrevolution in America. | a) | oil industry | | b) | railroads | | c) | iron industry | | d) | textiles | | e) | cotton gin | | | 1 / 1 point | 5.) In 1883, ____________ divided the nation into the four time zones still used today. Question options: | a) | the major railroad companies | | b) | the federal government | | c) | a coalition of mining and lumber companies | | d) | an organization of Western states | | e) | a group of businessmen from Chicago | Read MoreAmerican History Eoc Study Guide5327 Words   |  22 Pagesboom in Chicago. Armor was the first to can meat and Swift invented the refrigerated boxcar. 7) New Immigrants vs. Old Immigrants: New immigrants came from South and East Europe countries like Italy and Greece. They did not speak English and were Catholics, Jews, and Orthodoxies. Old immigrants came from North and West European countries like England and Ireland a while before the New Immigrants came. They were white, English speaking Protestants. 8) Child Labor Laws: These laws were a ProgressiveRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesChapter 2 Study Guide Questions â€Å"The Planting of English America† 1. Discuss English treatment of the Irish and its consequence (10pts) 2. What lessons do you think English colonists learned from their early Jamestown experience? Focus on matters of fulfilling expectations, financial support, leadership skills, and relations with the Indians. What specific developments illustrate that the English living in the plantation colonies tried to apply these lessons? (25 pts) 2. Compare and contrast

People For The Ethical Treatment Of Animals ( Peta ) Is A...

People For The Ethical Treatment Of Animals (PETA) is a non-profit animal activist group that focuses explicitly on exposing animal brutality and ensuring the safety of all animals. PETA promises to protect animals from misconduct, abuse, brutality, and inhumane slaughtering. The activist group’s official motto is, ‘’ Animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way’’(PETA). This motto officially means that animals are not ours to use or cause essential harm to by no means necessary. PETA was created in March of 1980, after founders, Alex Pacheco and Ingrid Newkirk were inspired by Peter Sanger’s book ‘’Animal Liberation’’; which Ingrid Newkirk has said the book gave her†¦show more content†¦The organization’s first protest was at a chicken slaughterhouse at The Arrow Live Poultry Company in Washington D.C. This protest was planned after witnes ses saw the chickens being treated and mishandled. In an article written by Hank Burchard for ‘’The Washington Post’’, he writes about the protests and the protesters reasoning’s: ‘A PETA spokesman damns the Arrow people for handling chickens like furniture and callously binding the wings and legs of a bird ready for slaughter in front of all the other chickens’’ (8). This protest was a small step for ensuring the rights of animals, but eventually led to larger movements. After small protests and acknowledgements, nearly a year later, PETA fought the largest case of its history. This case is now known as, The Silver Spring Case of 1981. The Silver Spring Case: The Discovery The Silver Spring case of 1981 was case that brought monkeys justice, PETA national attention and recognition by the U.S Supreme Court for their efforts in insuring justice. When Alex Pacheco was nearly finishing his ‘’ †¦. third year as a political science and environmental studies major at George Washington University’’ he began searching for work (3). Upon his search, he encountered a position at the Institute of Behavioral Research(IBR), a research facility funded by the government and The National Institute of Health. Once meeting head neuroscientist and experimenter, Edward Taub, Alex discovered what he wasShow MoreRelated PETA: Animal Rights Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesPETA: Animal Rights Doesn’t it kill you to see a movie and see an animal get killed or just hurt in it? Good thing that’s all special effects. Back in the day, around 1966, movies didn’t always use special effects. Khartoum, a movie based on a holy war in the Sudan desert, directed by Basil Dearden and Eliot Elisofon, used horses a great deal, but did not use the special effects in order to not hurt the animals. Many horses died in the making of this movie, as well as others, even includingRead More Animal Rights Essay example1007 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiments like this one is an excellent reason why people should recognize the importance of animal right activist groups such as PETA (People of the Ethical Treatment of Animals). Founded in 1980 by Ingrid E. Newkirk and Alex Pacheco, PETA is the largest group in the world with 600,000 plus members. PETAs effort to delete animal abuse in factory farms, laboratories, fur trade, and entertainment through education, investigations, re search, animal rescues, legislation, social events, celebrity involvementRead MoreA Look at Petas Public Relations Programs2958 Words   |  12 Pagesthirty years ago, PETA forever changed the way that the people of the United States would look at animal welfare, and the rights of animals. Although this organization is notorious for its guerilla public relations techniques, it remains the strongest voice for animal rights in the entire world. Their use of public relations has been described in many different ways: intense, over the top, ridiculous, hilarious, militant, and genius. For this reason, one must delve deeper into PETA and its use of publicRead MoreExotic Animals in Entertainment: the Pros and Cons3621 Words   |  15 PagesExotic Animals in Entertainment: The Pros and Cons Abstract The entertainment industry is a controversial subject, especially pertaining to the use of exotic animals for human enjoyment. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the history of exotic animals in entertainment and how the industry is viewed by the general public in the twenty-first century. The explanation of the history, legal aspects, organizations involved, public image, and the controversy of the industry will be coveredRead MoreThe Dairy Industry Is Humane2385 Words   |  10 PagesLillie Colville Honors English 10 Period 2 March 12, 2016 The Dairy Industry is Humane The agriculture industry, focusing on the dairy cattle industry, in the U.S.A. is humane and non-abusive. The Dairy Industry raises, breeds, and milks female dairy cattle. The cows are either bought from calf farms or born at the dairy in which they are raised to be about one or two years old until they are bred by a bull of their same breed. Then, once the heifers give birth, they are put into the milkingRead MoreMcdonalds a Good Image with Bad Ethics2099 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: McDonald’s is the company that I have chosen to research on their ethical choices. McDonald’s Corporation has been growing and spreading internationally for the past three decades. Although McDonald’s seems convenient, cheap, and so called clean there are many negative aspects of the business. In addition to paying their employees low wages and negatively impacting other cultures, and they also use to allow animals to be beaten and abused before being killed. McDonald’s promotes its positiveRead More Animal Rights Protests Essay example2061 Words   |  9 PagesKilling (COK), an animal rights civil disobedience group, will be picketing Millers Furs, their enemy in the fight against fur. These impassioned activists see the fur trade as nothing less than wholesale, commercialized murder, and will go to great lengths to get their point across. Such enthusiasm may do them in, as COKs often divisive rhetoric and tacit endorsement of vandalism threaten to alienate the very people it needs to reach in order to be successful. The animal rights idealogyRead MoreKfc India4427 Words   |  18 Pagespreferred entry mode which KFC used to expand into India and why it was the favourable choice, followed by the exploration of KFC’s architecture which discusses their strategy and structure decisions. This is followed by an investigation into the ethical and cultural implications that KFC had to endure and overcome and how these implications impacted on KFC internationalising. This paper concludes with a discussion on theoretical recommendations for KFC in India on measures to overcome such problemsRead MoreAll over history, is written the advancements of medicine and technology through the involvement of2200 Words   |  9 Pagesinvolvement of animal experimentation. Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-258 BC) both performed numerous experiments on live animals for the advancement of human intellect. Helpless animals had to suffer through surgeries and multiple experiments for the benefit of hum an knowledge. Today, there are certain laws that have been set by the United States legislature that â€Å"insure that certain animals intended for use in research facilities are provided humane care and treatment† (Animal Welfare Act)Read MoreFur Trade Solution1073 Words   |  5 Pageshave been global issues for many decades. They have ruthless ways of killing animals like mink, foxes, and especially wild yak. It is estimated that the population of the wild yak in Qinghai, China has dropped from one 1 million to 75,000 in the past decade (Fang 38-39). This problem has been going on for too long and despite the laws and restrictions that most governments have set, still poachers hunt and kill animals illegally. There are many possible solutions to this problem that would help,

The Theory Of Leadership Styles - 903 Words

Definitively speaking, the phenomenon of leadership is based upon directing, influencing as well as motivating individuals for the purpose of implementing plans as well as running an organization. Leadership styles vary from person to person and is dependent upon the situations that the leader might be faced with (George, Sims, P. Sims, D., 2007). Basically, the leadership styles have been categorized into six types (i.e. commanding, visionary, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching leadership styles). All these leadership styles indicate the different personalities of leaders who are visionary, yet influence people in a style that is identified by Paul Hersey, who proposes that leaders must constantly adjust their leading†¦show more content†¦If the leaders and its people don’t know where to go, then leadership means nothing. Most companies are based on teams, and dedicated team work is required to make things happen. These people and teams need a clear picture of a future that motivate and inspires them to become an efficient part of an effort for getting that desired future. Being part of this team brings more than just skills to the table; it allows us to have a stake which added value in this manager’s view. Having expectations laid out in the beginning is better than adjusting at the end and each member probably gave a little more effort than usual due to the fact we all depended on each other. To this, trust, communication, and handing out daily tasks seemed to be the most frustrating when dealing with different members. The best and effective leaders are not only tied be identified as charismatic, democratic or transformational in their way of interactions through leadership with others, but incorporate different leadership traits for the encouragement, motivation, and putting and influence on others (Hargis, Wyatt, Piotrowski, 2011). Reviewing the distinct type of leadership styles and then learning from the other leaders in developing an individual into a flexible leader who utilize the different styles of leadership according to the situation is a valuable management and organizational skill. Theories of Teams The theories of leadership that are being discussed here are theShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership857 Words   |  4 Pagesproject shows that leadership is defined in many ways. Characteristics of a good leader are questionable. Leadership styles and theories, such as servant leadership, collective leadership, and dictatorship vastly differ but still share similar attributes. While servant leadership and collective leadership theories similarly encompass specific attributes, the collective leadership theory still lacks vision and empowerment. Inversely, at the other extreme of leadership theories is dictatorship. UnlikeRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Styles1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide examples surrounding various leadership theories and leadership styles that sustain the definition of a public leader. First, this paper will provide a definition of a public leader. Next, it determine two leadership theories and two leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Also, this paper will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership theories. Subsequently, it will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership styles. Further, this paper will utilize properRead MoreLeadership Style And Leadership Theory807 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch conducted on traits, skills, and characters relationships to leadership and followers. The paper discusses the common themes and conclusions addressed in all studies. The articles penned with the intention of examining the impact leadership style and leadership theory in areas such as individual identity, culture, and worldview. Mahdi, Mohd, and Almsafir (2014) argue there is a significantly strong relationship between the leadership behavior and organizational commitment. Also, the paper synthesizesRead MoreThe Theories Of Leadership Styles1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhen developing a template to assess which leadership styles are best suited to mitigate the effect s of a decline in financial compensation, it is imperative to understand leadership theory. One of the first pioneers in leadership theory was Kurt Lewin. Kurt Lewin (1890–1947), was a prominent figure in psychology in his generation. He provided a solid foundation to the teachings of organizational development. In many circles he was known as the father of organizational development. He was best knownRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Styles1649 Words   |  7 Pageshad compassion and a vision for their work and employees. 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Because of importance of leadership all kinds of group action, there are considerable number of researches and theories on leadership and many kinds of leadership styles like Greatman theory, power influence, Trait approach, Behavioral, Situational or Contingency approaches;Read MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership876 Words   |  4 Pagesbstract This paper is to define the definition of leadership, and how its breakdown of various leadership styles and theories. I will also focus on more than one leadership style on what is to believe the best aligns thoughts of what leadership should mean. The leadership style is a mixed character of leadership that combines the transformational and servant leadership theories in to Healthcare. An evaluation is made of the learner’s leadership characteristics and how they would enable the learnerRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Theories993 Words   |  4 Pagesto the other two leadership styles, I scored next highest in the delegate category and the least amount in the authoritative category. In this paper I will give a comprehensive overview of leadership styles and leadership management theories and how they relate to my style. Lastly, I will discuss my type of work environment, and three key actions or behaviors that I must demonstrate to be a successful leader. Alignment with management and leadership theories Leadership theories include trait, attitudinalRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership1386 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is known as the process of guiding groups, individuals and an organization in the establishment of goals as well as sustaining those goals. The concept of leadership incorporates a diversity of clarifications, leadership styles and theories. While looking at the leaders around us no matter if it’s our president or place of employment, we often find ourselves questioning exactly why these individuals shine in these positions. This essay will detail my leadership in relations of the transformationalRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. A manager’s upmost duty is to be certain that all team members

My paper free essay sample

Week Five. In a two- to three-page paper (plus title and reference pages), please provide the following information: a. Latently and describe your chosen area of cognitive development. B. Identify and describe your chosen theme from Table 12. We will write a custom essay sample on My paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 c. Provide an annotated bibliography of at least four additional scholarly sources that you will use to support your analysis in your Final Paper. This component needs to include a summary of each academic source (in your own words) as well as a brief description of the relevance to your Final Paper.Please reference your course text and at least four additional scholarly sources using proper PAP format. Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment. Chapter 12 of your text identifies seven areas of cognitive development that have been addressed in this book: perception, language, memory, conceptual understanding, social cognition, problem solving, and academic skills. Table 12. 1 of the chapter also identifies the eight themes of childrens thinking, in general, that have filtered throughout the course of this text.For your Final Paper, you will select one area of cognitive development and analyze it through the lens Of one Of the themes outlined in Table 12. 1 . Your Final Paper will be five to eight pages in length (plus title and reference pages) and include the following components: 1 . A description of your chosen area of cognitive development 2. A summary of the current knowledge that exists on your chosen theme 3. An analysis of the applicability of your findings to the differentiation of instruction for children of different needs and abilities.

Gas And Electric Cars Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Gas And Electric Cars Essay, Research Paper As his auto warmed up that forenoon, Alan Wilson stared with astonishment at his gas gage. ? I can? t believe it? s on? EMPTY? once more, ? he ranted. ? I merely exhausted 20 vaulting horses last weekend! ? Alan sped off from his place toward the gas station before he had to be at work that forenoon merely to happen out that the gas monetary values had been raised once more. ? Why Don? T I merely fire my money? ? he said jokingly. Alan grabbed the nose and began the hebdomadal undertaking of make fulling up the gas armored combat vehicle on his 1970 Ford Maverick with a 302 and double fumes. ? I need to travel purchase one of those new Styrofoam pieces of debris that get 30 stat mis to the gallon, ? he mumbled to himself. Since the innovation of the auto, people have had to travel through this ordeal because we have no pick. We will write a custom essay sample on Gas And Electric Cars Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been over 80 old ages, and we are still utilizing gasolene as the primary beginning of power for our vehicles. With all of the new engineering created over these old ages, shouldn? T we have thought of something better by now? The truth is that we have. Electricity is a much cleaner, more efficient signifier of power that could be put to usage, but it hasn? T ( Bradley 444 ) . Is at that place any peculiar ground? Of class! Person will lose money. The thought of an electric auto has been embedded in the head of people for infinite old ages. Whether it be by a author, an discoverer, or a scientist, it has been thought about for some clip. Not merely would this thought be safer for the environment, it would salvage one million millions of people money. Unfortunately, gas companies haven? t preferable these thoughts over losing 1000000s of dollars in gross revenues. Although it may non be true, many conservationists believe that auto makers have been bought off by the gas companies in order to maintain their 1000000s fluxing in ( Sullivan 2 ) . How could an thought perfected old ages ago non hold caught on by now? The first working electric auto was created in the 1800? s before the first gas-powered auto. It wasn? T perfected until the 1970? s so gasoline took its topographic point in the average clip and we haven? T changed back until now ( Ramo 24 ) . In the past month or two, a few auto companies have begun to set half-electric half-gas powered autos on the market ( Ramo 25 ) . The work of fic tion is easy going a world. This may be a signifier of via media between the people of the universe and the gasolene companies. These autos are good designed. The gasolene helps the autos get up to rush and with hills, while the legion batteries keep the auto traveling when they are up to rush and non on a hill. They run swimmingly and the best portion is that a auto will acquire between 80s and 90 stat mis to the gallon ( Sullivan 3 ) . It is safe to state that most people would bask the thought of make fulling up their gas armored combat vehicles one time a month. Plus, Gasoline companies will non be put out of concern for two grounds: they will still do money on the full gas-powered vehicles, and they will still acquire money from these new? electri-gas? autos ( Ramo 25 ) . What is incorrect with a to the full electric auto though? For one, they merely travel at a top velocity of 65 Miles per hour for 2 hours. After the 2 hours, the batteries need to be recharged. With the gas-electric autos, a particular generator charges up the batteries while the auto is utilizing gas ( Bradley 445 ) . So every clip the auto is acquiring up to rush or drawing up a hill, the batteries are being charged by the generator. There is virtually no manner to run out of power on these autos provided the gas armored combat vehicle is kept full, and with merely necessitating to make full up the armored combat vehicle one time a month, this should be no job for the mean individual. To his astonishment, Jerry looked down at his gas gage and saw the needle about to the? E. ? ? Wow, I haven? T seen that in about 5 months, ? he smirked to his married woman. The trade name new bluish electric gas auto coasted into the local Chevron right next to a certain Ford Maverick. Alan could make nil but stare with covetous eyes cognizing precisely how great Jerry? s gas milage had to be with that new auto. Both work forces finished make fulling their armored combat vehicles and left. They neer saw each other once more for obvious grounds. Imagine having one of these gas electric vehicles, and believe about how much easier it would be to draw up to that gas pump cognizing that you will non be at that place once more for at rental a couple months. Eighty stat mis to the gallon ; sounds nice doesn? t it? In 10 old ages or so, when these new vehicles are more common, about everyone that goes to the gas station will no longer hold anything to fear.

The History and Effects of essays

The History and Effects of essays The definition of physical education as in Webster dictionary is as follows: n: training in the development and care for the human body; stress athletics; includes hygiene. In 2001 nearly half of American youths age 12-21 years old was not vigorously active on a regular basis, if fact about 14% of young people reports no recent physical activities. Inactivity is more common among females (14%) than in males (7%), and it is a well documented fact that inactivity increase as the persons age or grade increases. In this paper I will review and discuss the effect of physical education on man kind throughout history as well as the effect of it today. The first records of any kind of instructed physical activities come from the Chinese near the year 2500 B.C, proving that man kind has always found importance in his health. The next example found in records would be across the span of two continents in ancient Athens where the Olympic Games were held, however here it was not only physical perfection that was the goal of the athletes but mental enlightenment as well thanks to their world renounced philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato. The Athenians are also where we see the first gymnasiums. The first time that actual physical training was introduced to the military was in Feudal France when the legendary (Saint) Joan of Arc introduced a training program for her troops. This program was based off of strong aerobic exercises and was a mandatory activity for anyone who served under her. In this same time period in a part of the world unknown to most Europeans, Indians were using their own type of body building by using crude forms of dumbbells. By carving handles into large stones they were able to perform physical conditioning. They also carved large holes into boulders to place their heads through in an effort to develop their back and shoulders. Dating back to 1100 there are records of these people followin ...

Did state expansion incur diminishing returns (Lane) or exploit Essay

Did state expansion incur diminishing returns (Lane) or exploit economies of scale - Essay Example It has been argued that the emergence of nation state was basically an attempt to achieve the required level of economic growth. It is therefore generally believed that the consistent increase in the growth of economies of Europe was mostly a direct result of the emergence of nation state due to which different institutional changes took place. It is therefore generally believed that the economic growth of the Europe is mainly due to this notion of Nation State. What is also however, significant to note that economic theory often ignored the use of violence and organized crime and war to achieve the objectives of economic growth? According to Lane (1954) the use of violence created economies of scale against those enterprises which were using the same violent techniques or were engaged in achieving so called territorial monopoly. It is therefore important to discuss as to whether the expansion of State in new territories is essential for the exploitation of economies of scales or it actually result into diminishing returns. This paper will therefore discuss this notion and will present a well balanced argument as to whether the State expansion actually results into achieving the economies of scale or not. It has been argued that the closer connection between the war and the development of nation state started to emerge during the 15th century. This was the period in European history when most of the countries witnessed centralization of the political structures within their countries. Different countries have started to develop centralized governments and the overall concept of nation building started to emerge. What is also important to note that with the development of the centralized power structures within the societies, the overall political power of the central authorities increased too and with that power came the more power to control the economic lives of the citizens of the state also? Much of this

Storm Drainage Design Project and Flooding Assignment

Storm Drainage Design Project and Flooding - Assignment Example Surface streams and groundwater flows and the wetness of soil before a the storm are the factors to be considered. According to Dr Tim Stott, rainfall prediction is a matter of statistics. No one can predict what the rainfall and catchment conditions will be in the future. With climate change, past records are not reliable for future references. Engineering design will be based on specified probability storm and the runoff generated by catchments In the hydrographs of Cynon River, there was an almost steady flow of water in the river for the first 40 hours. As the height of water start to rise on the 42nd hour, water had a abrupt rise and on the 44th hour the water temporarily had a constant flow and began rising again on the 48th hour. The rise was constantly rising until it reached the peak flow and it was recorded to be 0.65m above the river bed and the rainfall recorded at 1.2mm. In the analyses of the river hydrograph, the rise of water is faster than when it starts to subside. It would take more time to subside, and having a steady downward motion. There are factors that control the shape of hydrographs. The typical shape are shown and the main components are labeled according to Weyman (1975). A hydrograph would show the difference between the peak rainfall from the peak discharge. This is known as the lag time. Then a lag time is greater, there is less chance of flooding whereas a short lag time will show that water had reached the river channel quickly. The rise in discharge or rainfall as shown in the graph is called the rising limb and the decrease in rainfall is the falling limb. There are several factors that affect a flood hydrograph. Areas with large basins receive more precipitation that the small ones and they have a larger run-off(Hoyt, 1936) Larger basins will have a longer lag time as water has a longer distance to travel before it can reach the river trunk. According to Gillesania, 2006, the shape of the basin which is typically elongated, would produce a lower peak flow and longer lag time than a circular one. The effect of the slope is also very important. The flow will be faster down a steep slope, thus producing a steeper rising limb and shorter lag time. Channel design Given Data Note: Given the discharge in the channel, apply the the Manning Q = 1.5 m3/s formula to get a suitable breadth b, of a channel with n = 0.019 depth d S = 1/2500 = 0.0004 d = 0.6 Formula to be used V = where: v = velocity Q = Av R = Hydraulic Radius Q = A S = slope A = bd n = Manning's coefficient R = Q = discharge Computations: A = db = 0.6(b) Q = A R = 1.5 = 0.6b 1.5(0.019) = 0.6b 0.0285 = 0.6b = 0.6 1.425 = 0.6 = 2.375 = (2.375)3 = b3 13.3964 = 13.3964 = 13.3964(1.44 + 2.4b + b2) = 0.36b5 19.2908 + 32.1513b + 13.3964b2 = 0.36b5 19.2908 + 32.1513b + 13.3964b2 - 0.36b5 = 0 b = 3.9798 m. The discharge flow of the river is also to be computed. The computation is necessary because a comparison will have to be made in order to determine

Exploring the role of empathy in psychotherapy

Exploring the role of empathy in psychotherapy In psychotherapy three aspects are identified as imperative to ensure a therapeutic climate that facilitates growth and change. These aspects include genuineness or congruence, an attitude of unconditional positive regard and empathy or empathic understanding. Each aspect plays a complementary role to one another and once integrated provides a mechanism through which self-actualisation can be reached. Empathy is a key indicator of a therapists ability as a facilitator in a therapeutic relationship and if genuinely and accurately displayed can result in a powerful means of assisting the client (Meyer, Moore, Viljoen, 2003; Tolan, 2007). This discussion explores the role of empathy in psychotherapy through identifying the components intrinsic to empathy, their role in creating a truly empathic environment, the use of empathy in psychotherapy and the possible effects empathy can have when displayed in an effective manner. The basis from which empathy will be explored is a Rogerian person-centred psychotherapeutic context as empathy is regarded as necessary for the process of psychotherapy in this context. Although empathy is recognised in majority of psychotherapeutic theories, client-centred therapy or Rogerian psychotherapy provides the most holistic and thorough view of the role of empathy in psychotherapy. Definition of concepts In understanding the role of empathy in psychotherapy it is of utmost importance to identify the concepts that manifest in the discussion. Identifying and defining these concepts allows for an exploration of each within the context of psychotherapy. In so doing, the role that empathy plays in this context can be explored and comprehensively analysed. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is a complex subject with no definitive description. The lack of precise definition could be due to this concept being regarded as adaptive and dynamic in that each definition would illustrate the underlying perspective utilised by the author of that definition. A generic definition of psychotherapy would entail a therapeutic relationship where two or more persons are involved in a formal relationship with a therapist. The relationship is defined on the basis of one or more parties seeking psychological assistance from the therapist in an attempt to overcome emotional discomfort (Corsini, 1984). Psychotherapy, from a Rogerian perspective, views the client as the central proponent of the therapeutic process. The client is regarded as their own change agent and the therapist, the facilitator of the change process. The process of change in Rogerian psychotherapy is deemed necessary in an attempt to resolve emotional discomfort the goal of psychotherapy. The therapist achieves and maintains their facilitative role through being a participant observer whom adopts a non-directive and empathic stance whilst providing unconditional positive regard to the client and mediating a process of self-actualisation within the client (Meyer et al., 2003; Vorster, 2003). An operational definition of psychotherapy, for this discussion, entails a therapeutic process which is focused on the interactions between persons involved in the therapy situation. The non-directive manner in which the therapy is conducted enables the client to reach a level of self-actualisation and empowers the client in managing their own life stressors. Empathy According to Tolan (2007) empathy is a means of demonstrating, through communication, that someone is heard and understood. It is the capacity to think and feel oneself into the inner life of another person (Kahn, 1991, p. 93). In the context of psychotherapy, empathy involves perception of a clients experience from their internal frame of reference and the communication of this perception to the client in order for the client to feel as though the therapist understands them from their perspective (Kahn, 1991; Rogers, 1980; Tolan, 2007). Empathy does not involve a sympathetic stance on which to understand the client but rather delves into the clients inner experiences in an attempt to create a vicarious experience of the clients world through the clients eyes. In addition, empathy does not entail experiencing the identical emotions and feelings as the client, but rather experiencing the emotions and feelings with the client. In colloquail language, empathy is often regarded as steppi ng into someone elses shoes (Parrott, 1997). Operationally defined, empathy or empathic understanding, in a psychotherapeutic context, refers to a therapist perceiving a clients experience, understanding the corresponding emotions of that experience and conveying this understanding to the client in a manner that will enable the client to feel entirely understood and heard. In can therefore be said that empathy entails experiencing with, rather than for or about the client (Brammer, Abrego Shostrom, 1993, p. 98). Empathy versus sympathy The concepts empathy and sympathy are often used interchangeably and synonymously, however this is an incorrect evaluation of these concepts. Sympathy is a superficial attempt at grasping what a person is feeling whilst empathy is a deep understanding of a persons experiences, cognitions and feelings in certain situations. A good analogy as illustrated by Parrot (1997) is that sympathy is standing on the shore, seeing a person struggling in the water and throwing out a life-ring, [whilst] [e]mpathy is jumping into the water and risking ones own safety to help the struggling person (p. 29). Sympathy is not sufficient in assisting a client through facilitative change and should be avoided in a psychotherapeutic context. Empathy, on the other hand, is highly beneficial in psychotherapy and should be developed and maintained in this context (Parrott, 1997). Empathy and psychotherapeutic approaches Research findings from a study conducted by Ranskin (in Rogers, 1980) suggests that majority of therapists, from a wide range of psychotherapeutic perspectives, acknowledge empathy as one of the most important facets of psychotherapy. However, in practice these therapists opt rather for cognitive or behavioural approaches in their therapy sessions and do not develop their empathic abilities optimally (Rogers, 1980). This is reiterated in an article by Feller and Cottone (2003) who state that empathy, as a construct, has received a great deal of support across a wide range of theoretical approaches, including but not limited to the psychoanalytic, self-psychology, client-centred, existential, cognitive and behaviour approaches. The differences emerge in the view of prominence or sufficiency of empathy in psychotherapy. Some approaches view empathy as a mere aspect which is used as a tool in psychotherapy, whilst other view empathy as a powerful means of facilitating change in a person or system (Feller Cottone, 2003). Thus, although empathy is acknowledged in the majority of psychotherapeutic approaches it does not occupy the same role in each approach. The role of empathy in psychotherapy Carl Rogers identifies the importance of psychotherapy in the acknowledgement of the persons involved and the relationship between those participating in the therapeutic relationship rather than the method or technique used to conduct the therapy. In order to acknowledge the dynamics of the therapeutic relationship empathy must be conveyed to the client(s) (Meyer et al., 2003). Empathy is based on the phenomenological approach to reality, where human beings, as a species, perceive and make sense of the world around them through their own lenses. Reality is not regarded as fixed and clear cut for all to experience identically, but rather as an individual subjective experience. This subjective experience is understood and shared through communication and interaction (Tudor, Keemar, Tudor, Valentine Worrall, 2004; Vorster, 2003). Empathy provides a mechanism from which to tap into another persons subjective experience or perception, which for that person is reality. It is due to this belief that empathy is regarded vital in understanding a client from their worldview (Clark, 2004; Tudor et al., 2004). Empathy is a cognitive, emotional and experiential skill, where the therapist uses a variety of means in an attempt to constantly remain with the client and vicariously experience the clients world in order to genuinely understand reality as the client perceives it. In dissecting this statement to create a better understanding of empathy one could acknowledge that empathy can be enhanced through training, especially if the trainers are genuinely empathic or provide a sensitive understanding during the training sessions. In addition, training sessions often encourage student therapists to practice the skill of empathy. The underlying notion is that the more practice one gets at developing their proficiency in empathy, the more capable the person becomes at providing empathy and integrating this skill into their way of being. Training implies that empathy is a skill that can be cognitively developed and experientially enhanced. The emotional component of empathy, on the other hand, rel ates to the aptitude of the therapist to identify, with relative accuracy, the inner feelings of a client (Rogers, 1980; Tolan, 2007). A critical analysis of empathy and its role in psychotherapy reveals the multidimensional nature of empathy, the various facets that form part of empathy and the diverse roles that empathy can play in a psychotherapeutic relationship. The following discussion demonstrates the various facets of empathy and the role that empathy plays in the context of psychotherapy. The role of listening and communication in empathy Empathy is a vital element which forms an integral part of psychotherapy as it provides a mechanism in which to grasp an understanding of the clients frame of reference in a meaningful way. Empathic understanding allows the therapist to sense the clients private world as if it were [their] own, but without ever losing the as if quality (Kirschenbaum Henderson, 1989, p. 226). Sensing the clients world in an empathic way is achieved through active and highly attentive listening in which the therapist enters the clients internal frame of reference by acknowledging the clients experience and sharing the emotions of the client vicariously. In so doing, the therapist is able to fully comprehend their clients experience, perceptions, values and feelings (Kirschenbaum Henderson, 1989; Rogers, 1980). However, merely listening actively and attentively to the client is not sufficient in displaying empathy. The understanding must be conveyed to the client in a meaningful way. This suggests that the manner in which an understanding is communicated is an essential feature of empathy. The empathic communication should be conveyed in line with the clients abilities to comprehend the message precisely and internalise the empathic response as accurate. Similarly, communication without attentive listening or perception does not demonstrate an understanding of the client. Mere communication with a client may indicate to the client that the therapist is not hearing them accurately and may create distance between the client and the therapist (Kirschenbaum Henderson, 1989; Rautalinko, Lisper, Ekehammar, 2007; Rogers, 1980; Tolan, 2007). The role of listening and communication in empathy contributes to the role of empathy in psychotherapy in that once a client perceives and accepts empathic reflections from a therapist, the client feels understood. This understanding enables the client to grasp the meanings of their own experiences more concretely, tune into their own feelings more acutely and provide themselves with a greater degree of empathy (Rogers, 1980). The role of non-verbal information in empathy It is imperative that empathic reflections are not merely restatements of what the client has said, as this form of reflection will not enable the therapist to move forward and deeper into the clients frame of reference. Parroting the clients expressions will keep the therapist at a surface level of understanding. It can therefore be said that although parroting the clients content may assist in some instances (Brodley, 1998), restatements are not entirely effective in displaying empathy and may demonstrate that the therapist does not truly understand the clients worldview (Mackay, Hughes Carver, 1990; Parrott, 1997; Tolan, 2007). Empathy involves more than listening to the content the client is expressing and regurgitating this information back to the client, it reaches beyond the meaning and recognises the nuances in the persons speech and encourages the therapist to appreciate the amount of significance the client attaches to the subject being discussed (Tudor et al., 2004). Empathy involves a comprehensive and holistic analysis of a variety of sources of information available to the therapist. The information can include, but is not limited to the clients tone of voice, tempo of speech, degree of hesitation, words used, facial expressions, posture, eye contact, attitude towards you as the therapist, emotions, previous information given by the client and sensed meanings beneath the expressed content. Considering all the information available to the therapist during a psychotherapeutic session may enable the therapist to delve deeper into the clients world and create a more meaningful picture of what the client is genuinely experiencing. When a therapist uses the additional information to create understanding and combines this awareness with the content description given by the client a much more meaningful level of understanding is reached (Mackay et al., 1990; Parrott, 1997; Tolan, 2007). The manner in which the empathy is reflected is of great importance. The content of the reflection is an important factor however the additional information mentioned above can also be actively demonstrated by the therapist toward the client. Therefore, it is of vital importance that the therapist conveys their empathic reflection congruently and meaningfully. The therapist should be aware of their pace of voice, rhythm of speech and consistency in language deliverance as well as their non-verbal indicators (Tolan, 2007). Should the therapist be aware and in control of all of these facets within themselves, the client is more likely to register the empathy displayed as a genuine understanding of the client. This implies that even if the empathic reflection is completely accurate, if it is delivered in an incorrect manner it will lose its meaningfulness and may even be interpreted, by the client, as inaccurate. Furthermore, the manner in which the therapist manoeuvres throughout the therapy session is of utmost importance as the continual signalling of non-verbal information in the relationship between the client and the therapist determines the dynamics of the session. As the therapist is continually attempting to remain in the clients frame of reference and sought through the information available in the interaction, the client is experiencing the therapist and responding to the therapist at all times. Vorster (2003) refers to this constant interaction or responding between the client and therapist as an input-output relationship, which demonstrates the constant attempt of the therapist to understand the client. Should the therapist display any level of incongruence in the relationship, this may jolt the client and the client may respond in a specific way, usually by withdrawing from the therapist. The therapist should be constantly and consistently aware of the nature of responses or eff ects that they have on the client and that the client has on them. If the client is continually being jolted and distance is being created it is an indication that the therapist is not staying in the clients frame of reference and is thus not displaying empathy effectively (Tolan, 2007). The components of empathy demonstrate that empathy comprises more than a skill in listening and communicating, but is an attitude or way of being that should be developed and internalised by the therapist. In order to be truly empathic, the therapist must have developed beyond thinking of themselves, so they are capable of understanding anothers point of view (Mackay et al., 1990, p. 66). In addition to an attitude, empathy stems from the ability to acknowledge an assortment of observable behaviour (as previously mentioned) and integrate the information in a meaningful way to ensure the person is truly heard and accepted (Brodley, 1998). This hearing is often deeper than the words the person is expressing and can display a personal meaning that may even be beyond the conscious intent of the client. This integrative understanding deepens the meaning of the empathy and encourages the client to fine-tune their empathic understanding of themselves. If all the facets of empathy are combin ed, the psychotherapeutic goal of facilitative change is highly probably (Mackay et al., 1990; Rogers, 1980). The role of empathy, when viewed as an integrated whole, extends beyond psychotherapy and denotes a means for the client to attend to themselves in their everyday lives (Rogers, 1980). The role of congruence and unconditional positive regard in empathy In order for empathy to be of optimal effectiveness in psychotherapy it is of vital importance that the therapist demonstrates the empathy with a high level of congruence or genuineness. Congruence can only be achieved if the therapist accepts the client completely and punctuates from a non-judgemental stance. To accept entirely, the therapist should ensure that they provide the client with unconditional positive regard which is often displayed through continual displays of empathy (Meador Rogers, 1984; Parrott, 1997). The concepts congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy should be considered along a continuum and not as right or wrong. In addition, these concepts are to be viewed as mutually exclusive and are not regarded as sufficient components for successful psychotherapy if viewed individually. Each of these concepts should be developed in a manner which allows for integration of the concepts as each is ineffective on its own but highly complementary and effective as a holistic approach (Kahn, 1991; Tudor et al., 2004). In order for a therapist to reach a skill level that provides optimal empathic understanding and inscribes affectivity, it is of vital importance that the therapist explores his or her own inner experiencing and [allows] the quality of his [or her] inner experiencing to be apparent in the therapeutic relationship (Meador Rogers, 1984, p. 143). Once this inner experiencing is reached, the therapist provides a high level of congruence in the therapeutic situation. Once the therapist has achieved and developed the skills of unconditional positive regard and congruence at an optimal level, the therapist is able to immerse themselves in the clients frame of reference more effectively and truly experience the clients world through the clients worldview (Meador Rogers, 1984). The therapist makes a conscious decision to dissociate from their own frame of reference and to punctuate from that of their clients. It is at this point that empathy may be regarded as a powerful therapeutic tool in psychotherapy (Rogers, 1980). Congruent empathy will enable the client to move forward with the therapy and explore their situation, enabling the client to resolve emotional discomfort through the acknowledgement of feelings. Furthermore, congruent empathy will prevent a repetitive cycle where the therapy remains at a superficial level (Brodley, 1998). Regarding unconditional positive regard in relation to empathy, the rationale for effectiveness, as demonstrated by Traux and Carcuff (1964, cited in Brammer et al., 1993) the greeater the degree of the therapists accurate empathic understading of the client, the greater the degree to which the therapist shows unconditional or nonpossesive warmth (p. 97). Congruence and non-possesive warmth, as characteristics of an environment which displays empathy, enables clients to view themeselves as accepted. Acceptance of oneself promotes caring for oneself and enables the client to bring about a positive change in their atttudes towards themselves. The combination of the three elements ensures solidarity in the client-therapist relationship allowing a client to actualise their potential constructively (Rogers, 1980). The role of client acceptance of empathic reflections Acceptance of the empathic reflection is a key indicator of the therapists ability to grasp the clients internal frame of reference. Once empathy is perceived by the client as being genuinely accurate, the client accepts the therapist more freely and acknowledges the facets of their experience more concretely (Kahn, 1991). Accuracy, in this context, refers to the therapists ability to view the clients experiences as the client views them (Tudor et al., 2004). Acknowledgement of the empathic understanding allows the client to move forward with the therapy as a sense of being understood is perceived and the client is able to deal with their experiences more effectively (Kahn, 1991). Acceptance of empathic reflection may elicit a range of responses from the client. The responses include verbal acknowledgement of the empathy as well as an assortment of non-verbal behaviour. Should the therapist be perceptive to these responses, they may be aware of empathy being genuinely present and that the client is being completely understood. Empathic reflections, however, do not imply empathy, rather the empathic reflection is the communication variable of the empathic understanding and should be seen as an aspect of empathy (Feller Cottone, 2003). It is important to note that if a reflection is not entirely accurate, the client is able to clarify the reflection or to contemplate and disregard the reflected feeling. This does not ascribe ineffectiveness as it may enable the client to discover their true feelings and explore their emotions. In addition, clarity allows the therapist to demonstrate their attempts at understanding and allows the therapist an opportunity to alter their responses (Kahn, 1991; Rogers, 1980; Tolan, 2007). It can therefore be said that compassionate and congruent empathy is open to correction and should not be regarded as a definitive but rather as a tentative exploration of a clients world (Tolan, 2007). Empathy as a mechanism for catharsis According to Rogers (1980) a high degree of empathy in a relationship is possibly the most potent factor in bringing about change and learning (p. 139). Demonstrating a comprehensive understanding and sincerely conveying this understanding to the client is the process through which to reinforce behaviour that may bring about change. Empathy is often acknowledged for its cathartic effect in a helping relationship in which relief or expression of distressing emotions is regarded as a method of healing and not that of breakdown. Catharsis is recognised as an overt expression of emotion by the client, for instance crying, which allows a release on built up tension within the client. This release is considered cathartic since the client tends to overcome the tension and in its turn reduce the distressing emotion. Once the client has released the tension, a degree of healing is experienced by the client (Heron, 2001; Parrott, 1997). Catharsis can be considered an important role of empathy in psychotherapy as it demonstrates healing and release within the client. In addition, catharsis may indicate a relationship between the client and therapist that displays unconditional positive regard and congruence. If the relationship encourages free expression, the client is often more willing to share experiences and the therapist is able to enter the clients deeper emotional realm more effectively (Kirschenbaum Henderson, 1989; Parrott, 1997). In addition, empathy gives the client the impression that they are worth understanding [and] that their inner hopes and private fears have value (Parrott, 1997; p. 196). Demonstrating worth to the client makes the client feel comfortable and increases the likelihood of them reflecting on and taking responsibility for their emotional distress (Kirschenbaum Henderson, 1989; Parrott, 1997). Another important facet of empathy relates to the clients ability to explore their experiences beyond the context. Accurate displays of empathy in the therapy session can lead to continual reflection on the emotional experience as well as providing additional insight into the clients experiences by the client between therapy sessions. Thus, empathy has the ability to extend the process of healing beyond the therapeutic context (Tolan, 2007). Empathy as a means of challenging a client An empathic environment can challenge a client in various ways. These challenges come as subtle manoeuvres by the therapist who uses empathy as a means of enabling the client to explore their experiences, confront their struggles and acknowledge distorted perceptions freely (Rogers, 1980; Tolan, 2007). The following example illustrates the way in which challenging a client, through empathy, could occur: if a client who has experienced an immense trauma (the death of a partner) indicates that the negative emotion (crying) that is often associated with the trauma is a flaw, defect or sign of weakness, an empathic understanding and acknowledgement of this struggle and a demonstration of the persons sadness can be communicated. Acknowledgement of the struggle may indicate, to the client, that they are genuinely accepted and understood in this environment. The empathy displayed in this context would challenge the clients view of the negative emotion, in turn the client may become more aware of the distorted view and may begin to alter their perception (Tolan, 2007). It is of utmost importance to note that the challenges should be minor in nature, if they are too great or obviously communicated, the client may reject the challenge and view the reflection as a misunderstanding or even as threatening. The therapist should always remember that the client is the central proponent and is the final judge in their inner world (Brodley, 1998; Tolan, 2007). The role of empathy as a means of challenging a client is regarded, by the author, as being of significant value in psychotherapy. The challenge is a means to demonstrate to the client that they can accept certain views and adapt certain ideals that they hold intrinsic to them. This is not to say that challenging a client through the use of empathy forces change, but rather provides an alternative way of viewing attitudes or perceptions. The main aspects related to challenging a client are regarding negative perceptions of certain emotional responses and facilitating a change in these perceptions. This may be very powerful in progressing through the process of psychotherapy. Empathy as a component of reaching optimal functioning A high level of empathy creates an environment where the client feels freedom to articulate themselves completely without having inhibitions or restraints on their expressions. An environment that is comfortable for the client to explore areas of their inner selves openly, creating an atmosphere of trust and openness within the relationship. Once the client explores aspects of themselves in this manner, discoveries are made to which the client may respond, usually through cathartic behaviour, in a constructive fashion that promotes positive change within him- or herself. Through the psychotherapeutic process, the client may realise his or her potential and strive towards it (Kahn, 1991). Rogers regarded empathy as having a curative effect on the client in a therapeutic process. The underlying assumption regarding the cathartic effect of empathy is that is that once a client truly feels heard and understood they are better able to reach a potential of self-actualisation where the clients view of the ideal self is brought closer to the clients view of the real self. The actualising potential is reached when the clients self concept is at a level of optimal functioning (Brammer et al., 1993). When a client feels entirely understood and heard they may begin to accept a change in themselves and the way they view their world, thereby encouraging self-direction. Recognising a feeling or experience and bringing this to conscious awareness through empathic understanding allows the client to deal more efficiently with the emotions and the dilemma they are faced with and in so doing become more competent and adept in understanding themselves (Tolan, 2007; Tudor et al., 2004). Critical discussion of empathy in psychotherapy Empathy is related to the positive outcome of psychotherapy for a client, this can range from a person with severe psychosis to one with no clinical manifestations (Rogers, 1980). However, in the authors opinion it should reiterated that the therapist must be constantly aware of the meaning the client is attaching to the empathic understanding and should adapt the process of psychotherapy accordingly. The positive outcome of empathy in psychotherapy is due to a number of factors including empathy as a mechanism for reducing feelings of alienation, encouraging feelings of value and acceptance within the client, eliciting feelings of being heard and understood and facilitating change whereby a client can direct the flow of their own experiences. These consequences demonstrate that empathy is of great value and use in all helping relationships and should not be confined to the boundaries of psychotherapy (Rogers, 1980). Conclusion The role of empathy in psychotherapy is multidimensional and highly complex in nature. A comprehensive understanding based on the exploration of empathy includes a process of the inner experiencing of another individuals world from that persons perspective with a feeling of comfort in this world, which enables the therapist to move discretely through this world, vicariously experiencing what the client is experiencing with no elements of judgement. It is an attempt to comprehend the inner workings of the person in order to sense the facets of that persons world that may be below conscious interpretation, without attempting to uncover unconscious feelings. It includes a way of being that seeps into aspects of the therapists everyday life, which cannot simply be shut off. However, in order to be truly effective, especially in a psychotherapeutic environment, this way of being and sensing must be communicated in order to create surety for the client that you are a companion in their jou rney of self-discovery and that you, as a therapist, is constantly attempting to grasp an understanding of their world in its entirety (Rogers, 1980).

Nitrogen Management :: Environment, Agriculture, Crop Production

Nitrogen management is crucial component for sustainable crop production, it is desirable to adapt N supply with crop N use to maximize efficiency. In Egypt, due to intensive cultivation of high yielding crop varieties, the nutrients supplying capacity of soil is declining. Producers tend to apply insurance application of N to make them feel more confident about N sufficiency. These practices may lead to over application of N fertilizer and result in groundwater pollution by nitrate (NO3) due to the elevated levels of NO3 in the soil profile (Asadi et al. 2002). Accordingly, searching for alternative N sources and maintaining long term soil fertility and sustainability are a priority for studying. Cultivar performance varies as related to genotype Ãâ€" environmental interactions (Eberhart and Hallauer 1967). In general, corn hybrids are highly productive and respond to N application, however their ability to maintain yield under water or N stress are different (O’Neill et al. 2004). Nitrogen availability represents a major limiting corn grain yield under intensive cropping system. The identification of hybrids response to different combination of N rates and bio-fertilizers could reduce the amount of applied N and increase efficiency. Several research in the literature document significant cultivar Ãâ€" N interaction differences in growth such as LAI and plant weight and yield traits (Ahmed 1990; Tollenaar and Wu 1999; and Hokmalipour 2010). Determining specific hybrids response to N inputs would make a great contribution to plant breeding for sustainable agriculture (Presterl et al. 2002). It is clear that current unsuitable handling of N fertilizers may be responsible for NO3-N contamination of both surface water and soil water (Wang et al. 1996). Yield goal as N based recommendation usually represent large geographic areas. According to (MOA 2004) they provide a N recommendation for corn that is a linear function of yield goal. Although these recommendations are generally suitable, they may lead to over application of N as hybrids and environment change. Corn grain yield has been significantly increased by varying N rate from 190 to 380 kg N ha-1 (El-Hendawy et al. 2008). A positive response for grain yield has been reported by (Halverson and Reule 2006) up to 285 kg N ha-1 while maximized at 180 kg N ha-1 in another study (Lamm et al. 2001). Determining N recommendation could be further improved by considering field-specific soil-crop-climate conditions along with different hybrids and Bio-fertilizers effects.

Year of Wonders Essay

The plague brings out the best in the village. Do you agree? Throughout the plague year many of the villagers were affected by the tragic hit of the plague. One of the main themes in the novel ‘’fear’’ is something that highly affects the actions and and can completely change their values and morals. Fear which comes complimentary with the plague and can bring out the best and the worst in the villagers. Times of crisis can bring out a monster in all of us, but can a just like jon said â€Å"these times they do make monsters of us all†lso but times like this can also bring out the good.As the plague hit Anna’s town lack of scientific and medical information lead the villagers to draw their own conclusions and superstitions, of the plague. We see fear and emotions take control of the villagers through the lynching of Anys Gowdie, by the angry mob. the crazed mob which accuses Anys of witchcraft just exemplifies the notion that faith can blind p eople along with fear. This event was uncalled for and horrific. The villagers were put under a permanent state of stress and terror, which led people to do some horrendous actions and behave in inhumane ways.In her last words Anys criticises the town and attacks them for their ignorance rather than professing a love for God, which may have saved her. Through these actions Brooks is able to explore the strength of one’s beliefs and morals in distressing situations. Anna however is not blinded by her faith like most of the villagers and does not believe that the plague is an act of God, or witchcraft and simply concludes that it was brought on by nature. perhaps the plague was neither proof God nor the Devil but simple a thing in nature as the stone on which we stub a toe† here Anna show her first signs of apostasy, question faith and shows the development of her new mindset This accentuates how Anna is wise beyond her time and her logic allows her to flourish in this un fortunate chain of events. Times of crisis and the plague can also bring out the good and courageous people like Anna, who are willing to support others and continue to maintain their values and morals no matter what. Anna selflessly works to help the village in all she can do to help fight the plague.Throughout the plague year Anna flourishes. Despite the tragedy of her two sons and husband passing she moves on with her life and give it to helping others. anna develops a sense of identity and independence and begins to step up over the patriarchal standards of women at that time, questioning her faith and society. Crisis of the plague also brought about evil, along with those people who exploit the situation of death, fear and suffering. Jos exploits the villagers who are already suffering immensely, he buries people alive, takes their money and household goods.He shows no regard for humanity in his immoral behavior and is clearly driven by greed and his own selfish desires. Fear a nd tragedy can do many things to people. In Year of Wonders fear brought out the best and the worst in people. The villagers feared death and loss which was a powerful emotion. Times of crisis can change people and make monsters of all of us. The novel shows how fear can exploit bad epople like Anna’s father and Jos. But in others can bring out the best, and change a person for the better.

Poetry And History Of Chinese Immigrants On Angel Island

Ashly.E.Jose AAAS 280E John Cheng November 11, 2016 Island: poetry and history of Chinese immigrants on Angel Island Chinese immigration to the United States began in large number during the California Gold Rush. Many people came to the country hoping to find jobs and fortune for themselves and their families back in China. Among those immigrants many stayed in the country and others went back to China. The point of entry for these Chinese immigrants to California between 1910 and 1940 was the Angles Island in San Francisco. The Island was like that of the Ellis Island in New York. These islands were the immigration detention headquarters for the immigrants waiting on their medical examinations and immigration papers. It was also the holding ground for deportees awaiting transportation back to the mother land. Island: poetry and history of Chinese immigrants on Angel Island, by Him Mark Lai is a collection of the poems that was restored from the walls and barracks of the Angles Island. The author had selected the sixty-nine poems which were classified into different categories to show the history of the immigration. The five section are - The Voyage, The Detainment, The Weak Shall Conquer, The Westerners, Deportees, Transients. Each of these sections includes the restored poems found in the barrack and the oral histories from peoples who spend their time in the Island, Immigration Interpreters, Immigration Inspectors. The Voyage, as the title suggest it is about theShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Chinese Inclusion Act Of 18821496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Summary The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was a nativist act passed by people who were afraid of a Chinese dominated workforce and the resulting backlash. 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